ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF VEHICLES

"ContentsPreface ixUnit 01: Introduction to EnergyEfficiencyChapter 01 - Energy and Power1.1. Definition of Energy and Power . . . . . . . . . .31.2. Basics of Thermal Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . .121.3. Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Chapter 02 - Wheeled Vehicles2.1. Thermal Efficiency of Internal CombustionEngines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312.2. Rolling and Aerodynamic Drag for WheeledVehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322.3. Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5623 1 Summary for Wheeled Vehicles 582.4. Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Chapter 03 - Boats and Ships3.1. Drag Force for Boats and Ships . . . . . . . . . .673 1 1 Brief Derivation of the FroudeAnalysis for Ships 683 1 2 Propellers 783.2. Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87Chapter 04 - Airplanes, Jets, andRockets4.1. Drag Force for Airplanes and Jets . . . . . . . .894.2. Fuel Economy of Airplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .914.3. Fuel Economy of Turbojet and TurbofanAircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .994.4. Fuel Economy of Rockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1064.5. Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115Unit 02: Energy and the EnvironmentChapter 05 - United States and WorldEnergy ConsumptionReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Chapter 06 - Combustion of FossilFuels6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1336.2. A Theory for Global Warming . . . . . . . . . . . .1356.3. Combustion of Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . .1416.4. Combustion of Diesel Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1436.5. Combustion of Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1476 5 1 Carbon Emissions for Common Items 1526.6. Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157Chapter 07 - The Electric Power Grid7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1597 1 1 Why Electricity? 1617 1 2 Base Load Power 1617 1 3 Peak Load Power 1617 1 4 Sources of Electricity 1627.2. Nuclear Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1657.3. Hydroelectric Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1667.4. Wind Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1687.5. Solar Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177Energy Efficiency of Vehiclesviii7 5 1 Angle of Declination 1777 5 2 Hour Angle 1817 5 3 Hour Angle Definition 1827 5 4 Process for Tilted Arrays 1857.6. Solar Array Power Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . .188Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192Chapter 08 - Greenhouse Gases andHow They Impact the Temperature ofthe Earth8.1. Radiative Heat Transfer of Earth . . . . . . . . . .1938.2. Carbon Dioxide Portion of GHG Absorption 1988.3. Keeling Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205Chapter 09 - Fundamentals ofBatteries9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2079.2. Battery Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2099 2 1 Charging the Battery 2119 2 2 Discharging the Battery 2119 2 3 Measuring State of Charge 2139.3. Battery Capacity and Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . .2139.4. Battery Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21894 1 Lead-Acid Batteries 218942 Silver-Zinc Batteries 222943 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 223944 Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries 2249 4 5 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 22694 6 Lithium Batteries 22694 7 Lithium-Ion Batteries 2269 4 8 Solid-State Lithium Batteries 2299 4 9 Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries 22994 10Flow Batteries 2309 4 11 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane(PEM) Fuel Cells 2329 4 12 Production of Hydrogen Fuel 2339 4 13 Storing and Transporting Hydrogen 2359.5. Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240Unit 03: Detailed Modeling of VehicleEfficiencyChapter 10 - Performance andEfficiency of Internal CombustionEngines10.1. Engine Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Chapter 11 - Simulation of FuelEconomy for City, Suburban, andHighway Driving11.1. Gasoline Engine Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26511.2. General Approach to Model EngineThermal Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26911.3. Efficiency of Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . .27011.4. Simulation of Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . .271Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29111.5. Effect of Hills on Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . .29411.6. Effect of Climate Control Systems onVehicle Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . .29811.7. Development of a Highway Model . . . . . . . .30411.8. Summary of Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310Chapter 12 - Review of the Book(Course)12.1. Review of Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311Index 329About the Author 333"